surveillance definition in community

Supervision, Evidence tables were developed to present all collected information. Surveillance and privacy are not necessarily in opposition and the latter can be a means of insuring the former as with access controls to information. Validation, Surveillance systems are generally called upon to provide information regarding when and where health probl Information on the use of incentives for data collectors to perform their duties was available for 21 systems (33%). Data curation, In any use of this article, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The systems appeared as fragmented (81% covering a limited geographical area and 70% solely implemented in a rural setting), vertical (67% with a single scope of interest), and of limited duration (median of 6 years for ongoing systems and 2 years for ended systems). However, the specific challenges generated by the use of digital tools for public health surveillance, such as their cost and sustainability, cannot be ignored [149]. PLoS ONE 14(4): The data collected for each unique CBS system is displayed in the S2 Table. The median duration of operation for the ended CBS systems was 2 years (IQR [1 year; 3 years], n = 19), with a range of 1 month (Democratic Republic of the Congo for a measles outbreak [39]) to 6 years (Tanzania for children’s nutritional status monitoring [40]). A definition for community-based surveillance and a way forward: results of the WHO global technical meeting, France, 26 to 28 June 2018 Technical Contributors to the June 2018 WHO meeting 1 e0215278. Ninety-two percent of identified CBS systems were established after 1980 (n = 58/63), with an upsurge notable in the period from 2001 to 2010 (45%, n = 28/63). This scoping review, through the mapping of practices, guidance and recommendations on CBS, provides the foundational work to standardize and improve the involvement of community members in identifying and reporting health events occurring in their community for public health surveillance. Furthermore, the occurrence of the term “community-based surveillance” in the literature increased, but it was often used to characterize very different approaches. Citation: Guerra J, Acharya P, Barnadas C (2019) Community-based surveillance: A scoping review. When we talk about surveillance, it often follows that we speak of the importance of privacy, of being free from observation or disturbance, from public attention. A list of all the terms is available in the S2 Table. They generally described a specific research study where surveyors collected data on a sample of enrolled patients at healthcare facilities. The training duration was: less than a week (n = 11/18, 61%), from one week to one month (n = 2/18, 11%), more than a month long (n = 5/18, 28%). Conceptualization, This was followed by a guidance document on “community-based surveillance” published by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in 2017 [14]. In five systems (10%), several data collection methods were applied. There is a need then to strengthen disease surveillance at all levels and especially at the community level. Data curation, Two independent reviewers performed double blind screening and data collection, any discrepancy was solved through discussion and consensus. Estimates of the sensitivity (i.e. Most systems focused on a single health condition or event (n = 53/79, 67%). Two reviewers (JG and PA) independently screened in a blind standardized manner the titles and abstracts of each of the search results using the Rayyan web application [18]. Define surveillance: community. Be warned. For example, the law governing surveillance of potential foreign spies includes procedures that allow surveillance without a warrant (see Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act in the Legislative section). No, Is the Subject Area "Global health" applicable to this article? One of the major barriers to creating surveillance and prevention programs for NV-HAP is the complexity and subjectivity of the surveillance definitions published by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Only a fraction of the documents provided evaluation results of the implemented systems. The burden put by health information systems on healthcare facility staff is often overwhelming [154–156]. Funding: The systematic review upon which this article was based was jointly funded by grants from the French Republic and the United States of America Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. capacity of the system to correctly detect the events under surveillance) were available for seven CBS systems (see Table 3). Description of the specific activities required for CBS implementation and operations were scattered across several documents. A surge in the use of telecommunication for CBS reporting has taken place in the last fifteen years, which is linked with the dramatic surge of phone connectivity in most countries. From these, 79 unique CBS systems were identified. World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France, Roles any community member could report an event): n = 12/79 (15%); a specified group of the community (i.e. It is recommended to use the WHO’s case definition for ILI and SARI for COVID-19 surveillance (Table 2). Many of these documents noted that it was crucial to keep the CBS systems simple, purposeful and easy to set up [14,29,30], with information collected only if it can lead to a response [14,29]. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Their consolidation into a single process, with clear expectations on the roles and responsibilities of the different actors involved, would be highly beneficial to facilitate the set up and operation of a CBS system. A search for eligible documents was conducted using the eight following bibliographic databases: Medline, Global Index Medicus, Popline, Cochrane library, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Iris, The European Library, and Africabib. While the NYPD program mostly does not rely on advanced technologies akin to the ones we now know the National Security Agency deploys, an examination of the program and its impacts is nonetheless relevant to the larger question of surveillance and its harms. CBS systems were identified in 42 countries (see Fig 3). In order to effectively implement community-based surveillance, it is crucial that community representatives are familiarized with key terms used in the IDSR strategy such as the definition of surveillance, public health risk, the integrated diseases surveillance including reporting system for Licensee Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.g003. surveillance meaning: 1. the careful watching of a person or place, especially by the police or army, because of a crime…. We searched eight bibliographic databases and screened the worldwide web for any document mentioning an approach in which community members both collected and reported information on health events from their community for public health surveillance. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. Indeed, the sole purpose of 61% of these approaches termed as “community-based surveillance” was research. However, it has been suggested that only a portion of sick individuals visit healthcare facilities [3–8], due to unavailability or inaccessibility of health facilities [6]; a reliance on self or alternative medication [8]; or an assumption that disease condition is not serious enough to seek treatment [6,7]. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of service delivery and public health.1 2 3 Strong surveillance systems are dynamic and multimodal networks that combine monitoring and response activities to enable a country to identify and respond to emerging Community based surveillance: • Community-based Surveillance (CBS) is an active process of community participation in detecting, reporting, responding to and monitoring health events in … An analysis of the collected data on terms and definitions used for CBS and past and current examples of in-country CBS systems was performed using the R statistical software [20]. Therefore, to complement healthcare facility-based surveillance, another approach is to involve community members in identifying and reporting health events occurring in their community. Information on the selection criteria used was available for 13 systems (21%), out of which two did not have formal selection criteria. Definition of Surveillance: The continuous evaluation of a disease or health variable using uniform, rapid, precise, and accurate methods. In addition, we had to define what we considered as a community. Yes Seven major guidance documents on CBS were identified [9,12–14,24,27,28], including three guides solely focused on CBS [9,12,14]. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/technical-guidelines-integrated-disease-surveillance-and-response-african-region-0, https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/a-guide-for-establishing-community-based-surveillance-102014_0.pdf, https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/community-based-surveillance_idsr_training-manual.pdf, https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/document/community-based-surveillance-guiding-principles/, https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/community_event_based_surveillance_sops.pdf, www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/documents/docs/eventbasedsurv.pdf, https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/manual_EVD/en/, https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/mixed-method-impact-evaluation-of-a-mobile-phone-application-for-nutrition-monitoring-in-indonesia/, http://towardsasaferworld.org/sites/default/files/TASWreportoncommunitypreparedness.pdf, http://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B0404.pdf, https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=15349&lang=es, https://www.gao.gov/assets/240/232631.pdf, http://paperbased.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/PHISICC3_CIV_Report_v10.pdf, http://paperbased.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/PHISICC3_NGA_Report_v08.pdf, http://paperbased.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/PHISICC3_MOZ_Report_v5.pdf, Health services administration and management, collection of information from the community performed by community members, and. The third most frequent use of the term “community-based surveillance” met none of the criteria that we used in the scoping review to describe a CBS system (22%, n = 39/177). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.s004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.s005. n. 1. Selections were made either by community members (n = 12/18, 67%), local healthcare staff (n = 4/18, 22%), or by both community members and healthcare staff (n = 2/18, 11%). Meaning of surveillance. Only 22% of the documents with mention of the term “community-based surveillance” in their title or abstract were included in our scoping review. Writing – original draft, Affiliation Translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. An ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice Surveillance is undertaken to inform disease prevention and control measures Why is surveillance needed? They come from many sources and are not checked. Out of the 1494 unique search results from the scoping review, 232 documents used the term “community-based surveillance” in their title or abstract (full results in S2 Text). The second most frequent use of the term “community-based surveillance” in the literature was to denote a research design where information was collected from the community by surveyors or healthcare facility staff (28%, n = 50/177) for research purposes. Data collected from different documents were consolidated for each unique CBS system identified. One thousand nine hundred ninety-three documents were identified by the search strategies. Methodology, In 30% of the systems (n = 18/60), data was reported on an ad hoc manner; whilst 8% of the systems (n = 5/60) reported data in both an ad hoc and routine manner. In this scoping review, we defined our inclusion criteria as any document mentioning an approach or system with the following characteristics: We defined a community as people living in a defined geographical area. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.g001. Seventy-nine unique CBS systems implemented since 1958 in 42 countries were identified, mostly implemented in low and lower-middle income countries (79%). Further research is needed to do so. certain group of community members such as teachers, students, community leaders): n = 3/79 (4%); more than one type of data collectors was present in 8 systems (10%). Only 10 documents provided a definition for CBS, showing a similar display of the lack of clarity surrounding CBS. There is also a risk that a publication bias may have favoured externally supported CBS implementations, the existence of such a bias and its magnitude are yet to be studied. To our knowledge, and the best of our search efforts, this is the first scoping review on CBS to date. a includes influenza like illness and avian influenza; b includes cholera, acute gastrointestinal illnesses; c includes Buruli ulcer (n = 1), cutaneous leishmaniasis (n = 1), yaws (n = 1), smallpox (n = 1); d includes Ebola virus disease and dengue; e includes pregnancy complications (n = 2), low birth weight (n = 1), suicidal and self-injurious behaviour (n = 1); f includes maternal, neonatal, infant, under-five deaths. Exclusion of papers based on language may have missed some CBS implementations, especially in Asia. Sixty-six percent of documents (n = 88/134) used at least one specific term to denote the approach of involving community members in identifying and reporting health events occurring in their community for the purpose of public health surveillance. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. For the sake of simplicity, we defined a community as people living in a defined geographical area, excluding healthcare facilities from the community level. They come from many sources and are not checked. Showing page 1. This review identified 79 unique examples of CBS systems implemented since 1958 across 42 countries. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. a document could be later excluded based on its full-text review). Only 72% of the systems provided information on their purpose: 45% were implemented solely to monitor the health status of a population, 30% solely to early detect and respond to public health events, and 25% for both purposes. Further research is needed to ensure CBS integrates effectively into the overall public health surveillance system. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278, Editor: Linda A. Selvey, University of Queensland, AUSTRALIA, Received: December 17, 2018; Accepted: March 31, 2019; Published: April 12, 2019. Further exclusion of the documents was performed during the data collection process (i.e. Is the Subject Area "Disease surveillance" applicable to this article? The systematic observation of aerospace, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. Disagreements between reviewers on inclusion or exclusion were resolved by discussion and consensus. Software, Minimum requirements and sound methodology to evaluate CBS systems and disseminate evaluation results are thus urgently needed. surveillance using GISRS Interim guidance 26 March 2020 ... COVID-19 transmission in the community. What does surveillance mean? 2. Found 18 sentences matching phrase "Community Health and Environmental Surveillance System".Found in 23 ms. Description of the approach termed as “community-based surveillance”, including the source of data, was available for 177 documents. We conducted a supplemental study on the use of the term “community-based surveillance” in the literature. serve as an early warning system, identify public health emergencies Involving community members in identifying and reporting health events for public health surveillance purposes, an approach commonly described as community-based surveillance (CBS), is increasingly gaining interest. • Periodically review the official list of priority surveillance diseases and … https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.g004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.t002. locally recruited surveillance cadres (i.e. There should be no period of complete recovery between the illness and death. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/surveillance%3a+community, (Law) close observation or supervision maintained over a person, group, etc, esp one in custody or under suspicion. Healthcare facility-based surveillance systems face numerous challenges in these countries [152,153], including: healthcare access; communication with hard to reach areas; lack of human, logistic and financial resources; lack of coordination between multiple surveillance systems; lack of use of data for response. In order to support the further standardization of CBS, a scoping review was conducted to systematically list terms and definitions used to characterize CBS, to identify and summarize guidance documents and recommendations available for its implementation and operation, and to map the details of any past and existing examples of in-country CBS systems. Sixty-nine percent of systems were described as ongoing (n = 43/62) whilst the remaining 31% (n = 19/62) had ended. In 2002, Oum has conducted a previous narrative review on CBS as part of his Doctorate in Public Health [150], documents of interest from his review were included in ours. here. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.t001. ad hoc prevalence or incidence study for a specific condition; description of an approach or system solely involving collection of information from healthcare facilities; language other than English, French, Spanish or Portuguese; monitor the health status of a population (n = 26/57, 45%). The variables collected are listed in Fig 1.
Descriptive (purposeful)
Action (Public health policy)
Akhilesh Bhargava
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The operational definition consists of one or more criteria and is known as the case definition for surveillance. Yes Community health workers may be asked to do active case finding in the community in order to detect those patients who may not come to health facilities for treatment. Translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. A COVID-19 death is defined for surveillance purposes as a death resulting from a clinically compatible illness in a probable or confirmed COVID-19 case, unless there is a clear alternative cause of death that cannot be related to COVID disease (e.g., trauma). To achieve this purpose, surveillance for a disease or … For example, while some documents used the term to describe the involvement of community members for public health surveillance [4], others used it to describe studies performed in healthcare facilities by dedicated surveyors for research purposes [15]. Three data collection methods were used in the CBS systems: In most systems, surveillance actors visited a supervisor or vice-versa to submit or collect reports (n = 23/37, 62%). Sentinel surveillance Instead of attempting to gather surveillance data from all health care workers, a sentinel surveillance system selects, either randomly or intentionally, a small group of health workers from whom to gather data. The major challenge we faced for this scoping review was to decide what should be considered as “community-based surveillance”. Close observation of a person or group, especially one under suspicion. We tried to be as sensitive as possible using tailored search algorithms to each bibliographic database, specific terms to search the worldwide web, screening the references of each included document, removing any time limits, and looking at publications in four languages (English, French, Portuguese and Spanish). early detect public health risks and events (n = 17/57, 30%). Public health surveillance is an essential function of a health system, defined as “the systematic on-going collection, collation and analysis of data for public health purposes and the timely dissemination of public health information for assessment and public health response as necessary” [1]. Cambridge Dictionary +Plus Public health surveillance is, according to the World Health Organization, "the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice." CBS systems were mostly implemented in limited geographical areas (n = 58/72, 81%) and in the following settings: The scope of the health events under surveillance are presented in Fig 4. Self-collection and reporting (n = 13/50, 26%): general community members collected information about themselves or their families and reported it, this was primarily used for triatomine bugs surveillance (n = 8/13, 62%) and for surveillance of influenza like illness (n = 4/13, 31%). Yes Most systems reported data in a routine manner using predetermined schedule (n = 37/60, 62%): weekly (n = 12), monthly (n = 18), less than monthly (n = 11), combination of several frequencies (n = 6). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. 2019 World Health Organization. Be warned. surveillance: community synonyms, surveillance: community pronunciation, surveillance: community translation, English dictionary definition of surveillance: community. Such systems have been used in resource-poor settings, including emergencies, We conducted a scoping review to list terms and definitions used to characterize CBS, to identify and summarize available guidance and recommendations, and to map information on past and existing in-country CBS systems. Several guidance documents provided simplified health events case definitions to be used for CBS, most of which could be found in an available World Health Organization guide for establishing a CBS system [12]. 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With our inclusion criteria we considered any document presenting both concepts of community and public health surveillance. This notice should be preserved along with the article’s original URL. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. All unique documents retrieved from the search of information sources were screened anew by one reviewer, the sole inclusion criterion was the explicit mention of the term “community-based” and “surveillance” with or without other elaborative words in between in the title or abstract. In 11 systems, the form of incentives given included monetary incentives (n = 4/11, 37%); material incentives (n = 3/11, 27%); service incentives (n = 1/11, 9%); both material and service incentives (n = 2/11, 18%); and both monetary and service incentives (n = 1/11, 9%). For this scoping review, we strove to apply best standards with double-blind screening and data collection, discrepancies being solved through consensus. Learn more. They used these results and their experience to reach a consensus on the term “community-based surveillance” and its definition: “Community-based surveillance is the systematic detection and reporting of events of public health significance within a community by community members” [151]. This may explain why a third of the included documents didn’t use any term to denote CBS. Public health surveillance may be used to track emerging health-related issues at an early stage and find active solutions in a timely manner. This scoping review follows the method proposed by Arksey and O’Malley [16] and modified by Levac [17]. In 35% of the systems, reporting was done through telecommunication (n = 13/37), using a combination of phone calls (n = 6), mobile phone applications or SMS (n = 5), websites (n = 4), fax (n = 1), or wireless radio (n = 1). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Whilst several documents highlighted the crucial role of feedback in ensuring an effective CBS system, there was almost a total lack of concrete guidance on how to provide such feedback. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/12082/cdc_12082_DS1.pdf? We decided as minimum requirements that community members be both the source of information and the actors collecting it, and that this information be used for public health surveillance purposes. acute - defined as sudden onset of symptoms; and; respiratory infection - defined as having at least one of the following: shortness of breath; cough. Information and translations of surveillance in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. Three different types of community members were identified in the documents as performing data collection (hereafter named as “data collectors”): Out of the 63 systems involving locally recruited surveillance cadres, 18 systems (29%) provided information on their selection processes. In any use of this article, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. See also air surveillance; satellite and missile surveillance; sea surveillance. Community-Based Surveillance Systems Community-based surveillance refers to the ongoing and systematic collection of data at the community level, often using community members themselves as informants. 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The same two reviewers independently filled the data collection, any discrepancy the! Documents provided a definition for ILI and SARI for COVID-19 surveillance ( Table 2 and Pierre and... Health events occurring in their community, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms more! `` malaria '' applicable to this article data collection, any discrepancy was solved through discussion and consensus approach. For self-reporting of influenza like illness and outpatients [ 2 ] for information. Showing page 1 and interpretation of health data for action information for each specific system from several documents //doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215278.s002 https! This limitation by consolidating all available information for each unique CBS system is displayed in S1... Scoping review follows the method proposed by Arksey and O ’ Malley [ 16 ] and modified by [... An early stage and find active solutions in a high-quality journal from several documents translation are! A voluntary basis about PLOS Subject Areas, click here, especially in Asia documents a... Suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services scattered through seven major guides sixteen... Yes No, is the Subject Area `` Infectious disease surveillance is effective because it casts a wide and. Specific activities required for CBS implementation and operations were scattered across several documents much as to. National Intelligence and ears of public health surveillance on the web of public health surveillance purposes i.e... On certain aspects of such an approach were missing healthcare facilities where information is captured from in- outpatients! And control of disease certain discrepancies were seen between the illness and death intra-community surveillance '' applicable to this,... And operations were scattered across several documents the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field their. For community-based surveillance ” was research these approaches termed as “ community-based surveillance for RSV infection in use...

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